EPS@ISEP | The European Project Semester (EPS) at ISEP

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report [2017/06/26 11:48] – [9.1 Discussion] team2report [2017/06/27 20:57] (current) – [9.1 Discussion] team2
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 The Team has chosen the wearable UltraViolet (UV) meter as their project because they believe that their different skill sets and knowledge in their own field suit well with the project. The authors see this as a great learning experience and hope to obtain more technical knowledge from both the project and each other. Moreover, they want to take this opportunity to develop and improve their soft skills.  The Team has chosen the wearable UltraViolet (UV) meter as their project because they believe that their different skill sets and knowledge in their own field suit well with the project. The authors see this as a great learning experience and hope to obtain more technical knowledge from both the project and each other. Moreover, they want to take this opportunity to develop and improve their soft skills. 
  
-The UV solar radiation has positive and negative health effects. It is a natural source of vitamin D, also called serum 25(OH)D, this is a hormone that controls calcium levels in the blood. It is needed to develop and maintain healthy bones, muscles and teeth. Vitamin D is made through a series of biochemical processes that start when the skin is exposed to the Sun’s UV rays. However, UV radiation is also a mutagen. Meaning UV photons that are able to bypass the natural defences of the skin and melanin, can cause mutagenic damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). By changing the skin's cellular DNA, excessive UV radiation produces genetic mutations that can lead to several skin cancers. Suntan, freckling and sunburn are familiar effects of over-exposure, along with early ageing of the skin (photo ageing), wrinkling and eye damage. UV radiation may also cause suppression of the immune response system. The dangers of UV exposure are undeniable, and public ignorance concerning these matters could lead to increased health problems in the future [(UVhealth)]. With the wearable UV meter the Team hopes to develop a device that will protect the user from the effects of over-exposure, like sunburning, photo ageing and eye damage, and eventually decreasing their risk of developing skin cancer.+The UV solar radiation has positive and negative health effects. It is a natural source of vitamin D, also called serum 25(OH)D, a hormone that controls calcium levels in the blood. It is needed to develop and maintain healthy bones, muscles and teeth. Vitamin D is made through a series of biochemical processes that start when the skin is exposed to the Sun’s UV rays. However, UV radiation is also a mutagen. Meaning UV photons that are able to bypass the natural defences of the skin and melanin, can cause mutagenic damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). By changing the skin's cellular DNA, excessive UV radiation produces genetic mutations that can lead to several skin cancers. Suntan, freckling and sunburn are familiar effects of over-exposure, along with early ageing of the skin (photo ageing), wrinkling and eye damage. UV radiation may also cause suppression of the immune response system. The dangers of UV exposure are undeniable, and public ignorance concerning these matters could lead to increased health problems in the future [(UVhealth)]. With the wearable UV meter the Team hopes to develop a device that will protect the user from the effects of over-exposure, like sunburning, photo ageing and eye damage, and eventually decreasing their risk of developing skin cancer.
  
 ==== 1.3 Problem ==== ==== 1.3 Problem ====
  
-As mentioned before, the dangers of UV exposure are undeniable and public ignorance could lead to increased health problems in the future. However, not every type of UV radiation is as harmful as the other. UV radiation is divided into, at least, three different groups; these groups are classified according to their wavelength: +As mentioned before, the dangers of UV exposure are undeniable and public ignorance can lead to increased health problems in the future. However, not every type of UV radiation is as harmful as the other. UV radiation is divided into, at least, three different groups; these groups are classified according to their wavelength: 
  
 • UltraViolet A (UVA) wavelengths (320-400 nm) • UltraViolet A (UVA) wavelengths (320-400 nm)
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 ==== 1.4 Objectives ==== ==== 1.4 Objectives ====
  
-This project had two complementary goals. The first was at the educational meta-level -- to foster multicultural multidisciplinary teamwork, autonomous problem-solving and ethical and sustainable development practices -- and the second at the design and implementation level -- to develop and test a wearable UV meter based on the technical, marketing, sustainability and ethical analyses, as well as on the needs of the user. In particular, the Team's objective was to develop a user-friendly and waterproof device to be worn as a bracelet or a clip-on. In the first instance, this wearable UV meter should depict an indication of the UV index (from 1 to 11) and should notify the user in case of over-exposure or under-exposure to UV radiation. Eventually, the notifications could be done by means of a mobile application running on a smartphone.+This project had two complementary goals. The first was at the educational meta-level -- to foster multicultural multidisciplinary teamwork, autonomous problem-solving and ethical and sustainable development practices -- and the second at the design and implementation level -- to develop and test a wearable UV meter based on the technical, marketing, sustainability and ethical analyses, as well as on the needs of the user. In particular, the Team's objective was to develop a user-friendly and waterproof device to be worn as a bracelet or a clip-on. In the first instance, this wearable UV meter should depict an indication of the UV index (from 1 to 11) and should notify the user in case of over-exposure or under-exposure to UV radiation. Also, the notifications can be done by means of a mobile application running on a smartphone.
  
 ==== 1.5 Requirements ==== ==== 1.5 Requirements ====
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 ==== 2.1 Introduction ==== ==== 2.1 Introduction ====
-This chapter presents the state of the art, meaning the highest level of development of a technology, art, or science. In this chapter the Team will explain what a UV meter indicates and includes the research on several existing products on the market containing its functions. They first had to discover what kind of wearable UV meters already existed on the market and understand why they are attractive to the user. There are thousands of wearable UV meters, only on Amazon there are already 4398 UV meters purchasable. Analysing all the different wearable UV meters would be impossible. The Team has chosen 5 popular wearable UV meters which they compare by pointing out their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, variables the competitors use to give personal based advice on protection for the customer. Finally, the Team focuses on the different materials that were used and the materials that will suit our device best. Considering the research done, the Team came to a final conclusion on how the design of the wearable UV meter and final prototype should look.+This chapter presents the state of the art, meaning the highest level of development of a technology, art, or science. In this chapter the Team will explain what a UV meter indicates and includes the research on several existing products on the market containing its functions. They first had to discover what kind of wearable UV meters already existed on the market and understand why they are attractive to the user. There are thousands of wearable UV meters purchasable, for example on Amazon. Analysing all the different wearable UV meters would be impossible. The Team has chosen 5 popular wearable UV meters which they compare by pointing out their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, variables the competitors use to give personal based advice on protection for the customer. Finally, the Team focuses on the different materials that were used and the materials that will suit our device best. Considering the research done, the Team came to a final conclusion on how the design of the wearable UV meter and final prototype should look.
  
 ==== 2.2 UV radiation measurement ==== ==== 2.2 UV radiation measurement ====
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 After the UV meter is done, could the customers send it back to the factory so that the silicon from the bracelet, the cork from the device and some electronical components could be reused.  After the UV meter is done, could the customers send it back to the factory so that the silicon from the bracelet, the cork from the device and some electronical components could be reused. 
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 ==== 7.1 Introduction ==== ==== 7.1 Introduction ====
  
-In this chapter the Team will show the development of the product from the very beginning. There is an overview of the so far proposed architecture, design, components, functionalities, electronic schematic diagram, testing and final results. After the testing the Team will give our final conclusion and ideas for future development. Some specifications of the wearable UV meter are:+In this chapter the Team will show the development of the product from the very beginning. There is an overview of the so far proposed architecture, design, components, functionalities, electronic schematic diagram, testing and final results. After the testing the Team will give the final conclusion and ideas for future development. Some specifications of the wearable UV meter are:
   * Wearable, user-friendly, attractive   * Wearable, user-friendly, attractive
   *    Waterproof and durable   *    Waterproof and durable
-  *    Energy sufficient +  *    Energy efficient 
   * Shows UV index    * Shows UV index 
   *    Should notify the user when the UV index is too high   *    Should notify the user when the UV index is too high
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 ==== 7.3 Architecture ==== ==== 7.3 Architecture ====
 === 7.3.1 Design === === 7.3.1 Design ===
-After brainstorming, the Team chose functionalities they found essential in this device. An on/off button, and no screen but five led lights to indicate how the UV level is high. Then, the first drafts were made, as presented in Figure {{ref>labeldra1}}. This drawing represents the main concept: a device small enough to be wearable and user-friendly.+After brainstorming, the Team chose functionalities they found essential in this device. An on/off button, and no screen but five LED lights to indicate the UV level. Then, the first drafts were made, as presented in Figure {{ref>labeldra1}}. This drawing represents the main concept: a device small enough to be wearable and user-friendly.
  
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-Next, the Team developed the idea and built a 3D model. Team Helios used Computer Aided Design (CAD) programs, such as Solidworks, and rendering solutions, such as KeyShot. Team Helios developed a 3D model with these tools, including real size components, as small and elegant as possible. Figure {{ref>labelmod1}} displays the 3D model, with all the LED lights lighted up and five semitransparent plastic parts that let the light of the LED lights go through, indicating to the user the level of UV radiation in real time. On top of the case is also included a hole to let the UV radiation reach the UV optical sensor.+Next, the Team developed the idea and built a 3D model. Team Helios used Computer Aided Design (CAD) programs, such as Solidworks, and rendering solutions, such as KeyShot. Team Helios developed a 3D model with these tools, including real size components, as small and elegant as possible. Figure {{ref>labelmod1}} displays the 3D model, with all the LED lights lighted up and five semitransparent plastic parts that let the light of the LED lights go through, indicating to the user the level of UV radiation in real time. On top of the case is also included a hole to let the UV radiation reach the UV optical sensor. The Team has also created a fimo scale model, presented in Figure {{ref>labelfimo}}, with all components in real size to have an idea of how big will be the final device.
  
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-<figure label>+<figure labelfimo>
 {{ :untitled_collage.jpeg?300 |}} {{ :untitled_collage.jpeg?300 |}}
 <caption>Fimo scale model</caption> <caption>Fimo scale model</caption>
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 ==== 7.4 Functionalities ==== ==== 7.4 Functionalities ====
  
-The user of the device has to be able to wear the device and put it on and off by a button. They will also see LED lights shine one in a time, according to the UV radiation that the sensor is recognizing, vibrating sound, from the buzzer will be heard when the LED is changing colour. The user will be able to connect the device with Bluetooth to a smartphone. +The users of the device has to be able to wear the device and put it on and off by a button. They will also see LED lights shine one in a time, according to the UV radiation that the sensor is recognizing, vibrating sound, from the buzzer will be heard when the LED is changing colour. The user will be able to connect the device with Bluetooth to a smartphone. 
  
 ==== 7.5 Materials ==== ==== 7.5 Materials ====
-During the evolution of the project and meetings with the supervisors, the Team thought about creating a case in a green material, like wood and cork. Portugal is the biggest producers of cork, so using the wealth of this beautiful country would be a great opportunity. The Team researched more about the ecological materials and also did some research about other material options that they thought were worth considering. Additionally, they compared all the material options with each other regarding their density and thermal conductivity, as can be seen in Table {{ref>labelm2}}.+During the evolution of the project and meetings with the supervisors, the Team thought about creating a case in a green material, like wood and cork. Portugal is the biggest producer of cork, so using the wealth of this beautiful country would be a great opportunity. The Team researched more about the ecological materials and also did some research about other material options that they thought were worth considering. Additionally, they compared all the material options with each other regarding their density and thermal conductivity, as can be seen in Table {{ref>labelm2}}.
  
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 <caption>Density and thermal conductivity comparison</caption> <caption>Density and thermal conductivity comparison</caption>
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-^ ^ Cork ^ Bamboo ^ Hard wood ^ Soft wood ^ Fiber glass ^ Carbon fiber ^ +^ ^ Cork ^ Bamboo ^ Hardwood ^ Softwood ^ Fiber glass ^ Carbon fiber ^ 
-| Density in g/mL | 0.15 | 0.70 | 0.72 (oak, maple) | 0.51 (fir, pine) | - | 1.55 | +| Density [kg/m^3] | 150 | 700 | 720 (oak, maple) | 510 (fir, pine) | - | 1 550 | 
-| Thermal conductivity in W/(m • K) | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.16 (oak, maple) | 0.12 (fir, pine) | 0.04 | 5.00 |+| Thermal conductivity  [W/(m • K)] | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.16 (oak, maple) | 0.12 (fir, pine) | 0.04 | 5.00 |
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 </table> </table>
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 === 7.5.1 Cork === === 7.5.1 Cork ===
  
-Cork is harvested from the bark of the cork oak tree, found mostly in numerous Mediterranean countries, such as Portugal. The density of the cork is 0.15 g/mL, meaning it will be lightweight, which is good if it has to be wearable. Its thermal conductivity is 0.040 W/(m • K), meaning it will keep the electronic components safe from the Sun's heat. The cork is very eco-friendly, as the bark of the cork tree is carefully harvested without chopping or damaging the tree. It is considered a renewable resource as after the harvesting, the bark completely re-grows. The cork reacts to UV by fading but not as much and less for the lighter shades.+Cork is harvested from the bark of the cork oak tree, found mostly in numerous Mediterranean countries, such as Portugal. The density of the cork is 150 kg/m^3, meaning it will be lightweight, which is good if it has to be wearable. Its thermal conductivity is 0.040 W/(m • K), meaning it will keep the electronic components safe from the Sun's heat. The cork is very eco-friendly, as the bark of the cork tree is carefully harvested without chopping or damaging the tree. It is considered a renewable resource as after the harvesting, the bark completely re-grows. The cork reacts to UV by fading but not as much and less for the lighter shades.
  
 === 7.5.2 Bamboo === === 7.5.2 Bamboo ===
  
-Bamboo is technically a grass, most common in Asia. The density of the bamboo is 0.7 g/mL, meaning it will be lightweight, which is good if it has to be wearable. Its thermal conductivity is 0.17 W/(m • K), meaning it will keep the electronic components safe from the Sun's heat. Considered eco-friendly, since bamboo is classified as a grass, it grows rapidly, as opposed to trees. The bamboo reacts to UV by fading, but less for the lighter shades.+Bamboo is technically a grass, most common in Asia. The density of the bamboo is 700 kg/m^3, meaning it will be lightweight, which is good if it has to be wearable. Its thermal conductivity is 0.17 W/(m • K), meaning it will keep the electronic components safe from the Sun's heat. Considered eco-friendly, since bamboo is classified as a grass, it grows rapidly, as opposed to trees. The bamboo reacts to UV by fading, but less for the lighter shades.
  
 === 7.5.3 Wood === === 7.5.3 Wood ===
  
-The Team made a research on two types of wood: hardwood (oak, maple) and softwood (fir, pine). The densities are 0.720 g/mL Hardwood (Oak, maple) 0.510 g/mL Softwood (fir, pine). Its thermal conductivities are  0.16 W/(m • K) Hardwood (oak, maple) 0.12 W/(m • K) Softwood (fir, pine), meaning it will keep the electronic components safe from the Sun's heat. Considered less eco-friendly than cork flooring and bamboo, as it necessitates cutting down trees. The wood reacts to UV by fading, but less for the lighter shades.+The Team made a research on two types of wood: hardwood (oak, maple) and softwood (fir, pine). The densities are 720 kg/m^3 Hardwood (Oak, maple) 510 kg/m^3 Softwood (fir, pine). Its thermal conductivities are  0.16 W/(m • K) for hardwood (oak, maple) and 0.12 W/(m • K) for softwood (fir, pine), meaning it will keep the electronic components safe from the Sun's heat. Considered less eco-friendly than cork flooring and bamboo, as it necessitates cutting down trees. The wood reacts to UV by fading, but less for the lighter shades.
  
 === 7.5.4 Fiber glass === === 7.5.4 Fiber glass ===
  
-Fiberglass is a strong lightweight material and is used for many products. Although it is not as strong and stiff as composites based on carbon fiber, it is less brittle, and its raw materials are much cheaper. Its bulk strength and weight are also better than many metals, and it can be more readily moulded into complex shapes. Applications of fiberglass include aircraft, boats, automobiles, bath tubs and enclosures, swimming pools, hot tubs, septic tanks, water tanks, roofing, pipes, cladding, casts, surfboards, and external door skins. Hardened with epoxy resin. Its density varies on the amount of resin you apply. Its thermal conductivity is 0.035 W/(m • K), meaning it will keep the electronic components less safe from the Sun's heat than cork, bamboo and wood. Regarding environmental issues, the primary risk associated with epoxy use is often related to the hardener component and not to the epoxy resin itself. Amine hardeners in particular are generally corrosive, but may also be classed as toxic and/or carcinogenic/mutagenic. Aromatic amines present a particular health hazard (most are known or suspected carcinogens), but their use is now restricted to specific industrial applications, and safer aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines are commonly employed. The fiber glass reacts to UV by hardening because some epoxy resins are reactive to UV, meaning they harden the fiberglass with the exposure to the Sun.+Fiberglass is a strong lightweight material and is used for many products. Although it is not as strong and stiff as composites based on carbon fiber, it is less brittle, and its raw materials are much cheaper. Its bulk strength and weight are also better than many metals, and it can be more readily moulded into complex shapes. Applications of fiberglass include aircraft, boats, automobiles, bath tubs and enclosures, swimming pools, hot tubs, septic tanks, water tanks, roofing, pipes, cladding, casts, surfboards, and external door skins. Hardened with epoxy resin, its density varies on the amount of resin used. Its thermal conductivity is 0.035 W/(m • K), meaning it will keep the electronic components less safe from the Sun's heat than cork, bamboo and wood. Regarding environmental issues, the primary risk associated with epoxy use is often related to the hardener component and not to the epoxy resin itself. Amine hardeners, in particular, are generally corrosive, but may also be classified as toxic and/or carcinogenic/mutagenic. Aromatic amines present a particular health hazard (most are known or suspected carcinogens), but their use is now restricted to specific industrial applications, and safer aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines are commonly employed. The fiber glass reacts to UV by hardening because some epoxy resins are reactive to UV, meaning they harden the fiberglass with the exposure to the Sun.
  
 === 7.5.5 Carbon fiber === === 7.5.5 Carbon fiber ===
  
-The properties of carbon fibers, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion, make them very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports. However, they are relatively expensive when compared with similar fibers, such as glass fibers or plastic fibers. Hardened with resins as the fiberglass (epoxy). Its density is 1.55 g/mL, is not as lightweight as the other options but it sacrifices lightweight for hardness and durability. Its thermal conductivity is 5 W/(m • K), meaning that in the worst case scenario, electronical components may not be safe. Regarding environmental issues, it’s extremely difficult to recycle. When it is recycled it loses a considerable amount of its strength. The carbon fiber reacts to UV by hardening because some epoxy resins are reactive to UV, meaning they harden the fiberglass with the exposure to the Sun.+The properties of carbon fibers, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion, make them very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports. However, they are relatively expensive when compared with similar fibers, such as glass fibers or plastic fibers. Hardened with resins as the fiberglass (epoxy), its density is 1 550 kg/m^3, is not as lightweight as the other options but it sacrifices lightweight for hardness and durability. Its thermal conductivity is 5 W/(m • K), meaning that in the worst case scenario, electronical components may not be safe. Regarding environmental issues, it’s extremely difficult to recycle. When it is recycled it loses a considerable amount of its strength. The carbon fiber reacts to UV by hardening because some epoxy resins are reactive to UV, meaning they harden the fiberglass with the exposure to the Sun.
  
  
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 === 7.6.1.1 Comparing controllers and UV sensors === === 7.6.1.1 Comparing controllers and UV sensors ===
  
-To create the prototype, the Team need (among other components) an controller board and a UV sensor. After research, the Team compared different UV sensors that they consider suits the device the best, as it is shown in Table {{ref>labelc1}}.+To create the prototype, the Team needs (among other components) an controller board and a UV sensor. After research, the Team compared different UV sensors that they consider suits the device the best, as it is shown in Table {{ref>labelc1}}.
  
  
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 Regarding quality, specifications, size and price, the Team chose the Bluno beetle DFR0339 and the UV sensor ML8511. Regarding quality, specifications, size and price, the Team chose the Bluno beetle DFR0339 and the UV sensor ML8511.
-**BLUNO BEETLE** [(BlunoBeetle)] is a wearable Arduino Uno based board with the CC2540 Bluetooth 4.0 (BLE) module. It is suitable for this project because it has the exact amount of pins the Team need (they can use the analog pins as digital pins) and also because of the low price, integrated bluetooth, small size and other specifications. It uses low-energy technology Bluetooth 4.0. Devices and most of the newest phones and computers also use the same technology. +BLUNO BEETLE [(BlunoBeetle)] is a wearable Arduino Uno based board with the CC2540 Bluetooth 4.0 (BLE) module. It is suitable for this project because it has the exact amount of pins the Team needs (The analog pins can be used as digital pins) and also because of the low price, integrated bluetooth, small size and other specifications. It uses low-energy technology Bluetooth 4.0. Devices and most of the newest phones and computers also use the same technology. 
  
 FEATURES FEATURES
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   * Super Compact Size   * Super Compact Size
   * Support Bluetooth HID and ibeacon   * Support Bluetooth HID and ibeacon
-  * Comaptible with all DFRobot Bluno Series+  * Compatible with all DFRobot Bluno Series
   * Support Wireless Programming   * Support Wireless Programming
  
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   * Weight is 10 g   * Weight is 10 g
  
-**The GUVA-S12SD** [(GUVAS12SDBotnRoll)] At first the Team chose GUVA-S12SD sensor because it was cheapest but after meeting with the supervisors they chose a different sensor. GUVA-S12SD will be the second choice. The GUVA-S12SD UV Sensor chip is suitable detecting the UV radiation in sunlight. It can be used in any application where the user want monitor for the amount of UV light and is simple to connect to any microcontroller. The module, with a typical UV detection wavelength of 200 – 370 nm, outputs a calibrated analog voltage which varies with the UV light intensity so, basically, the only thing the user need to do is connect this to an ADC input and read in the value. This value ties in with the UV index, as is shown in Figure {{ref>uvindexandvoltage}}.+The GUVA-S12SD [(GUVAS12SDBotnRoll)] At first the Team chose GUVA-S12SD sensor because it was cheapest but after meeting with the supervisors they chose a different sensor. GUVA-S12SD will be the second choice. The GUVA-S12SD UV Sensor chip is suitable detecting the UV radiation in sunlight. It can be used in any application where the user wants to monitor for the amount of UV light and is simple to connect to any microcontroller. The module, with a typical UV detection wavelength of 200 – 370 nm, outputs a calibrated analog voltage which varies with the UV light intensity so, basically, the only thing the user needs to do is connect this to an ADC input and read in the value. This value ties in with the UV index, as is shown in Figure {{ref>uvindexandvoltage}}.
  
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 **ML8511** **ML8511**
  
-After meeting with the supervisors the Team chose ML8511 UV sensor because it uses low supply current. The ML8511 is a UV sensor, which is suitable for acquiring UV intensity indoors or outdoors. The ML8511 is equipped with an internal amplifier, which converts photo-current to voltage depending on the UV intensity. This unique feature offers an easy interface to external circuits such as ADC. In the power down mode, typical standby current is 0.1 μA, thus enabling a longer battery life. +After meeting with the supervisors the Team chose the ML8511 UV sensor because it uses low supply current. The ML8511 is a UV sensor, which is suitable for acquiring UV intensity indoors or outdoors. The ML8511 is equipped with an internal amplifier, which converts photo-current to voltage depending on the UV intensity. This unique feature offers an easy interface to external circuits such as ADC. In the power down mode, typical standby current is 0.1 μA, thus enabling a longer battery life. 
  
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 == 7.6.2.1 Battery and charger== == 7.6.2.1 Battery and charger==
  
-For the prototype the Team will use rechargeable batterys so they would not have buy new batterys all the time. For the end project they want to charge the battery directly with solar panel. The smallest solar panel systems are quite expensive but the solar technology advances with everyday and with that the prices also change. +For the prototype the Team will use rechargeable batterys so they would not have to buy new batterys all the time. For the final product they want to charge the battery directly using a solar panel. The smallest solar panel systems are quite expensive but the solar technology advances with everyday and with that the prices also change. 
  
-Since the project size is very important then the size of the battery needs to be also as small as possible. It’s not that easy because one requirement is that the battery is rechargeable. The Team found that the smallest rechargeable batterys are mainly lithium polymer battery. The nominal cell voltage for LI-POs is 3.3 V - 3.7 V, depending on chemistry. The controller board Bluno Beetle operating voltage is marked at 5 V DC. The Team did a little research to find out that if 3.7 V battery would be enough for Bluno Beetle.  +Since the project size is very important then the size of the battery needs to be also as small as possible. It’s not that easy because one requirement is that the battery is rechargeable. The Team found that the smallest rechargeable batterys are mainly lithium polymer battery. The nominal cell voltage for LI-POs is 3.3 V - 3.7 V, depending on chemistry. The controller board Bluno Beetle operating voltage is marked at 5 V DC. The Team did a little research to find out if a 3.7 V battery would be enough for Bluno Beetle.  
-Bluno Beetle runs on ATmega328@16 MHz. On the ATmega328 datasheet [(Atmega328)] they found a Figure {{ref>label3}} which shows the ratio between maximum Frequency vs. Virtual Channel Connection (VCC). Looking at that figure, they can calculate that when Bluno Beetle works at 16 MHz the corresponding voltage would be 3.7 V. +Bluno Beetle runs on ATmega328@16 MHz. On the ATmega328 datasheet [(Atmega328)] it was found a Figure {{ref>label3}} which shows the ratio between maximum Frequency vs. Virtual Channel Connection (VCC). Looking at that figure, it was calculated that when Bluno Beetle works at 16 MHz the corresponding voltage would be 3.7 V. 
  
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-Bluno Beetle Bluetooth working voltage is 3.3 V. It also uses XC6206P332MR Voltage regulator [(XC6206)]. Looking at the Figure {{ref>label4}} the Team can see that when the input voltage is 3.7 V then the output voltage would be 0.4 V smaller, stabile 3.3 V for Bluetooth. +Bluno Beetle Bluetooth working voltage is 3.3 V. It also uses XC6206P332MR Voltage regulator [(XC6206)]. Looking at Figure {{ref>label4}} the Team can see that when the input voltage is 3.7 V then the output voltage would be 0.4 V smaller, stable 3.3 V for Bluetooth. 
  
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 In conclusion the Team can say that Bluno Beetle should work properly with 3.7 V battery. Also there is option where Bluno Beetle will work with 8 MHz then the corresponding voltage would be 2.5 V.  In conclusion the Team can say that Bluno Beetle should work properly with 3.7 V battery. Also there is option where Bluno Beetle will work with 8 MHz then the corresponding voltage would be 2.5 V. 
  
-Because the prototype has a tight budget the Team needed to really watch the price of the components. For the prototype they chose Li-Po 3.7 V 500 mAh battery and a Adafruit 1905 Adafruit MicroLipo charger. They both meet the size and budget requirements. +Because the prototype has a tight budget the Team needed to really watch the price of the components. For the prototype they chose a Li-Po 3.7 V 500 mAh battery and a Adafruit 1905 Adafruit MicroLipo charger. They both meet the size and budget requirements. 
  
  
 == 7.6.2.2 Buzzer == == 7.6.2.2 Buzzer ==
  
-A buzzer is an audio signaling device which in the device case will notify the UV meter users when the UV level changes. +A buzzer is an audio signalling device which will notify the user when the UV level changes. 
  
 == 7.6.2.3 Button == == 7.6.2.3 Button ==
  
-For button the Team can code different commands example sleep mode and activate.+Thanks to a button, the Team can code different commands, for example a sleep mode.
  
 == 7.6.2.4 LED lights == == 7.6.2.4 LED lights ==
  
-The Team will use 5 different color LED ligths which each represents different level of UV radiation. For example when purple light is on then the UV radiation level is the highest. +The Team will use 5 different color LED lights, each representing different level of UV radiation. For example when purple light is on then the UV radiation level is the highest. Because the shortage of the pins on Bluno Beetle the team had to use charlieplexing technique to connect the LED lights.
  
 == 7.6.2.5 Resistor == == 7.6.2.5 Resistor ==
  
-LED lights have a characteristic called “forward voltage” which is often shown on the datasheets as Vf. This forward voltage is the amount of voltage “lost” in the LED when operated at a certain reference current. The V in our V = I × R formula is found by subtracting the LED’s forward voltage from the voltage of the power supply. LED lights have a maximum continuous current rating (often listed as If, or Imax on datasheets). This is often around 25 mA or 30 mA.+LED lights have a characteristic called “forward voltage” which is often shown on the datasheets as Vf. This forward voltage is the amount of voltage “lost” in the LED when operated at a certain reference current. The V in the V = I × R formula is found by subtracting the LED’s forward voltage from the voltage of the power supply. LED lights have a maximum continuous current rating (often listed as If, or Imax on datasheets). This is often around 25 mA or 30 mA.
  
 Using this formula the Team can calculate values of resistors they need. The blue LED needs a 35 Ω resistor, the red LED a 170 Ω and the orange, yellow and green they need 85 Ω resistors. Using this formula the Team can calculate values of resistors they need. The blue LED needs a 35 Ω resistor, the red LED a 170 Ω and the orange, yellow and green they need 85 Ω resistors.
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 == 7.6.3.1 Cork == == 7.6.3.1 Cork ==
  
-The case material for the prototype were decided to be cork, due to its lightweight, water resistance and the ability the get it here in in Portugal. The Team will use a block of cork, and carve out to get a hole in it. +The case material for the prototype was decided to be cork, due to its lightweight, water resistance and the ability the get it here in Portugal. The Team will use a block of cork, and carve out to get a hole in it. 
  
 == 7.6.3.2 Plexiglass == == 7.6.3.2 Plexiglass ==
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 == 7.6.3.3 Glue == == 7.6.3.3 Glue ==
  
-Hot melt glue sticks are the type of glue the Team need for putting the device together and also for gluing the plexiglass. Hot melt glue is easy to use, and it is transparent. For this will a glue pistol is also be needed. +Hot melt glue sticks are the type of glue the Team needs for putting the device together and also for gluing magnets on the clip-on and on the bracelet. Hot melt glue is easy to use, and it is transparent. For this, a glue pistol will also be needed. 
  
 == 7.6.3.4 Sandpaper == == 7.6.3.4 Sandpaper ==
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-If the UV meter uses 2011 mW which is unlikely  and takes 3.7 V battery, that means that the current it uses is 2.0 W / 3.7 V which equals 0.540 A (540 mA). The battery holds a total charge of 550 mAh, so draining at 540 mA, it’ll last (550 mAh / 540 mA) 1.01 h. In reality the maximum power consumption should be under 500 mA.+If the UV meter uses 2011 mW (which is unlikely) and takes 3.7 V battery, that means that the current it uses is 2.0 W / 3.7 V which equals 0.540 A (540 mA). The battery holds a total charge of 550 mAh, so draining at 540 mA, it’ll last (550 mAh / 540 mA) 1.01 h. In reality the maximum power consumption should be under 500 mA.
  
 === 7.6.5 Final components === === 7.6.5 Final components ===
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 <WRAP box 900px center> <WRAP box 900px center>
 ^ Component ^ Quantity (pcs) ^ Price (€) ^ Usage ^ link ^  ^ Component ^ Quantity (pcs) ^ Price (€) ^ Usage ^ link ^ 
-| Bluno beetle DFR0339| 1 | 14.05 | Controller, connected with the UV sensor. The brains of the device |[(BlunoBeetlePtMouser)] | +| Bluno beetle DFR0339| 1 | 14.05 | Controller, connected with the UV sensor. The brain of the device |[(BlunoBeetlePtMouser)] | 
 | ML8511 UV sensor| 1 | 12.48 | Measures the UV index | [(ML8511)]  |   | ML8511 UV sensor| 1 | 12.48 | Measures the UV index | [(ML8511)]  |  
-| Buzzer Kobitone | 1 | 2.05 | Notifies with sound/vibration when UV level is changing | [(Buzzer)] |+| Buzzer Kobitone | 1 | 2.05 | Notifies with sound when UV level is changing | [(Buzzer)] |
 | Lithium-ion Polymer Battery 3.7 V 550 mAh| 1 | 7.35 | The power source of the UV meter| [(Battery550maH)] | | Lithium-ion Polymer Battery 3.7 V 550 mAh| 1 | 7.35 | The power source of the UV meter| [(Battery550maH)] |
 | Adafruit 259 Battery charger| 1 | 11.79 | Recharge the battery |[(BatteryChargerAdafruit259)] | | Adafruit 259 Battery charger| 1 | 11.79 | Recharge the battery |[(BatteryChargerAdafruit259)] |
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 ==== 7.7 Programming ==== ==== 7.7 Programming ====
  
-Since the Bluno Beetle is Arduino Uno based board then the team uses The Arduino Software (IDE) for coding. The Arduino environment performs some small transformations to make sure that the code is correct C or C++ (two common programming languages). It then gets passed to a compiler (avr-gcc), which turns the human readable code into machine readable instructions (or object files). Then, your code gets combined with (linked against), the standard Arduino libraries that provide basic functions like digitalWrite() or Serial.print(). The result is a single Intel hex file, which contains the specific bytes that need to be written to the program memory of the chip on the Arduino board. This file is then uploaded to the board: transmitted over the USB or serial connection via the bootloader already on the chip or with external programming hardware.+Since the Bluno Beetle is an Arduino Uno based board then the team used The Arduino Software (IDE) for coding. The Arduino environment performs some small transformations to make sure that the code is correct C or C++ (two common programming languages). It then gets passed to a compiler (avr-gcc), which turns the human readable code into machine readable instructions (or object files). Then, the code gets combined with (linked against), the standard Arduino libraries that provide basic functions like digitalWrite() or Serial.print(). The result is a single Intel hex file, which contains the specific bytes that need to be written to the program memory of the chip on the Arduino board. This file is then uploaded to the board: transmitted over the USB or serial connection via the bootloader already on the chip or with external programming hardware.
  
 === 7.7.1 Code === === 7.7.1 Code ===
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 **Test 1** **Test 1**
  
-The Team have tested the Arduino code now to see if the programming is working properly. They wanted to have a code that makes LED lights shine according to the value that the UV sensor gives. If the UV level is lower than three, the green light should go on for five seconds and the buzzer should buzz for two seconds. The time it should shine or buzz can be changed. When the UV level is three or higher but lower than six the yellow LED should shine for five seconds and the buzzer will buzz for two seconds. The orange LED (the white LED in our case) will go on when the LED is six or higher but lower than eight. The red LED will go on when the UV sensor gives the value eight or higher but lower than eleven. The purple LED (the blue in our case) will go on when the UV level is eleven or higher but lower than 15. The buzzer will go on for two second every time the level changes. The program takes a reading every second, and the program recognize if the level is changed, if it has not changed then nothing happens. +The Team has tested the Arduino code now to see if the programming is working properly. They wanted to have a code that show the user the UV level and when the user want. That is seen if the LED lights shine according to the value that the UV sensor gives. If the UV level is lower than three, the green light should go on for five seconds and the buzzer should buzz for two seconds. The time it should shine or buzz can be changed. When the UV level is three or higher but lower than six the yellow LED should shine for five seconds and the buzzer makes sound for two seconds. The orange LED (the white LED in the prototype case) will go on when the LED is six or higher but lower than eight. The red LED will go on when the UV sensor gives the value eight or higher but lower than eleven. The purple LED (the blue in our case) will go on when the UV level is eleven or higher but lower than 15. The buzzer will go on for two second every time the level changes. The program takes a reading every second, and the program recognizes if the level is changed; if it has not changed then nothing happens. 
  
 **Comments to the movie** **Comments to the movie**
 {{ :testing.mp4 |}} {{ :testing.mp4 |}}
  
-The Team made the first test with an Arduino Uno board, because it is bigger and easier to handle with and easier for beginners. As can be seen in the movie the green LED is on when the sensor is covered with a hand, the yellow LED is on when the sensor is laying horizontal. If the board is moved and the sensor is put straight to the Sun, the “orange” (white) LED goes on, that is the same UV level as weather forecast shows. The LED timer also works, the LED lights shine for five second before they are turned off. The buzzer also goes on and buzzes for two seconds every time the level is changing. A conclusion is that the UV sensor should be turned straight towards the Sun to show the right results.  +The Team made the first tests with an Arduino Uno board, because it is bigger and easier to handle with and easier for beginners. As can be seen in the movie the green LED is on when the sensor is covered with a hand, the yellow LED is on when the sensor is laying horizontal. If the board is moved and the sensor is put straight to the Sun, the “orange” (white) LED goes on, that is the same UV level as weather forecast shows. The LED timer also works, the LED lights shine for five second before they are turned off. The buzzer also goes on and buzzes for two seconds every time the level is changing. A conclusion is that the UV sensor should be turned straight towards the Sun to show the right results.  
-When the Team were sure the code worked, they changed the Arduino Uno to the Bluno Beetle, as they are supposed to use. The result is that there are loose connections, and it needs to be soldered. The 20 first readings can be found in Table {{ref>test1sumup}}+When the Team was sure the code worked, they changed the Arduino Uno to the Bluno Beetle, as it is supposed to be used. The result is that there are loose connections, and it needs to be soldered. The 20 first readings can be found in Table {{ref>test1sumup}}
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wVUHHioIzw|Test 2 video]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wVUHHioIzw|Test 2 video]]
  
-In the second test is the sensor soldered, so the sensor gives UV radiation levels that are according to the level weather forecast give, as can be seen in the movie above. The 25 first measurements can be seen in Table {{ref>test2sumup}}. But the reset button still have to be programmed and tested on the Bluno Beetle. +In the second test, with the sensor soldered, so the sensor gives UV radiation levels that are according to the level weather forecast give, as can be seen in the movie above. The 25 first measurements can be seen in Table {{ref>test2sumup}}. But the reset button still has to be programmed and tested on the Bluno Beetle. 
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 To sum up the figures above, the Team made a table where the highest UV intensity values per minute is presented. This can be seen in Table {{ref>test3sumup}}.  To sum up the figures above, the Team made a table where the highest UV intensity values per minute is presented. This can be seen in Table {{ref>test3sumup}}. 
 +
 +Test 3 was the final test before soldering all components on the PCB board. The code is working as it the Team wants it to. Tests were made on the 16th of June, at 9 o'clock in the morning when the UV radiation level, according to the weather forecast was 3, as can be seen in Figure {{ref>test3}}. The green LED and the buzzer go on when the Sun is not coming right at the sensor. When the Team turns it right at the Sun, the UV radiation goes up to 3.77. This means the yellow LED goes on and also in the same time as the buzzer. When the button is pressed the reset function goes on, and gives immediately the latest highest value. It signals with both the corresponding LED and the buzzer. The values from the test can be seen in Figure {{ref>valuestest3}}.
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 </table> </table>
-</WRAP>     +</WRAP>
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 </figure> </figure>
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
- 
- 
-Test 3 is the final test before soldering everything on the PCB board. The code is working as it the Team want it to. The test were made friday morning when the  UV radiation level according to the weather forecast were 3, as can be seen in Figure {{ref>test3}}. The green LED and the buzzer goes on when the Sun is not coming right at the sensor. When the Team turns it right at the Sun, the UV radiation goes up to 3.77. This means the yellow LED goes on and also in the same time as the buzzer. When the button is pressed the reset function goes on, and gives immediately the latest highest value. It signals with both the corresponding LED and the buzzer. The values from the test can be seen in Figure {{ref>valuestest3}}. 
  
 === 7.8.2 Waterproof test === === 7.8.2 Waterproof test ===
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 [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw6yTrNMGxU|Waterproof test]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw6yTrNMGxU|Waterproof test]]
  
-//"The device needs to be put into salt and fresh water for at least an hour and one meter deep. Afterwards the device should be tested to be sure that it will still work properly".// That were the requirements the Team had for the waterproof test, they realized they will see if the device is waterproof when the device is under any water, it does not need to be one meter deep. The Team made the waterproof test in the bathroom sink. They put the device down so it was fully covered with water. They put a piece of a cotton pad inside to easier see if the water will come inside. The cotton pad were used instead of the real electronical components, in case it would not be waterproof. The device have an O-ring as a packing so the water would not get in between the two parts of the device. The result can be seen in Figure {{ref>waterproof}}. The device was not waterproof, a change could be to have a thicker O-ring. Even though the device would have been waterproof now, it would not be that when the holes for the LEDs, sensor, buzzer and button are made. More development are required to figure out a new solution.  +//"The device needs to be put into salt and fresh water for at least an hour and one meter deep. Afterwards the device should be tested to be sure that it will still work properly".// These were the requirements the Team had for the waterproof test, they realized they will see if the device is waterproof when the device is under any water, it does not need to be one meter deep. The Team made the waterproof test in the bathroom sink. They put the device down so it was fully covered with water. They put a piece of a cotton pad inside to easier see if the water will come inside. The cotton pad was used instead of the real electronical components, in case it would not be waterproof. The device ha an O-ring as a packing so the water would not get in between the two parts of the device. The result can be seen in Figure {{ref>waterproof}}. The device was not waterproof, a change could be to have a thicker O-ring. Even though the device would have been waterproof now, it would not be that when the holes for the LED, sensor, buzzer and button are made. More development are required to figure out a new solution.  
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 === 7.8.3 Wearability test === === 7.8.3 Wearability test ===
  
-The requirements for the wearability included two things: The device could be worn both as a bracelet and a clip-on. The Team have the bracelet with Velcro, so the size can be easily adjusted. Magnets are used so it can easily be changed from a bracelet to clip-on and vice versa. The clip on is made with a band of silicon and also with magnets, so the user can clip it on wherever they like. How the bracelet can be used can be seen in Figure {{ref>bracelet}}. Example of the clip-on wearability can be seen in Figure {{ref>clipon}}. The result from the wearability test is that the device can be worn as both a bracelet and a clip-on. The size of the user do not matter, because of the Velcro. Due to cowardice, did the device not be made in time so it could be worn on different people for over a week, as the Team said in the beginning of the project. +The requirements for the wearability included two things: the device could be worn both as a bracelet and a clip-on. The Team has the bracelet with Velcro, so the size can be easily adjusted. Magnets are used so it can easily be changed from a bracelet to clip-on and vice versa. The clip on is made with a band of silicon and also with magnets, so the user can clip it on wherever they like. How the bracelet can be used can be seen in Figure {{ref>bracelet}}. Examples of the clip-on wearability can be seen in Figure {{ref>clipon}}. The result from the wearability test is that the device can be worn as both a bracelet and a clip-on. The size of the user does not matter, because of the Velcro. Due to the delay, the device was not made on time so it could not be worn on different people for over a week, as the Team stated in the beginning of the project. 
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 [[https://youtu.be/cLLSBb9s4MI|Robustness test]] [[https://youtu.be/cLLSBb9s4MI|Robustness test]]
  
-The prototype itself can be dropped without breaking from 1.20 meters height. The Team made the robustness test by putting a piece of a fragile TUC cracker inside the cork block. Then they dropped the cork with the cracker from 1.20 meter height, and the cracker did not break. The Team do not recommend to drop it with the electronical components inside, because the components will come on the outside of the box, and then they may break. How to protect the outer electrical components needs future development. +The prototype itself can be dropped without breaking from 1.20 meters height. The Team made the robustness test by putting a piece of a fragile TUC cracker inside the cork block. Then they dropped the cork with the cracker from 1.20 meter height, and the cracker did not break. The Team does not recommend to drop it with the electronical components inside, because the components will come on the outside of the box, and then they may break. How to protect the outer electrical components needs future development. 
  
 === 7.8.5 Software test === === 7.8.5 Software test ===
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 As it can be seen in the UV sensor test, the programmed Arduino code is working as the Team wanted it to.  As it can be seen in the UV sensor test, the programmed Arduino code is working as the Team wanted it to. 
  
 +=== 7.9 Prototype ===
  
 +In Figure {{ref>prototype1}} the prototype is presented, showing the LED lights on the outside along with the button and the hole for the UV sensor.
  
-==== 7.9 Conclusion ====+<WRAP centeralign> 
 +<figure prototype1> 
 +{{:prototype2.jpg?300|}} 
 +<caption>Final prototype</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 +</WRAP> 
 + 
 +As is seen in the figure above, the prototype is made out of cork. The supervisors wanted to change the material of the case and 3D print it instead. Therefore, a 3D model was made which is displayed in Figure {{ref>3Dprototype}}. The walls are 3 mm, this is the minimum thickness for 3D printing. Also the electrical components fit in the holes that were made inside, to reduce the material. 
 + 
 +<WRAP centeralign> 
 +<figure 3Dprototype> 
 +{{:paradesmontar.54.jpg?320|}} 
 +{{:paradesmontar.55.jpg?320|}} 
 +<caption>3D model of the prototype</caption> 
 +</figure> 
 +</WRAP> 
 + 
 + 
 +==== 7.10 Conclusion ====
  
-The device have some future developments before it manages all the tests without any problems. The electronical components works both separately and follow the directives the programming code gives it. The prototype is wearable but would be more comfortable if the size of it will get reduced. The prototype is not waterproof but the goal is to make it waterproof with more developments.  +The device has some future developments before it manages all the tests without any problems. The electronical components works both separately and follow the directives the programming code gives it. The prototype is wearable but would be more comfortable if the size of it will get reduced. The prototype is not waterproof but the goal is to make it waterproof with more developments.  
  
 ===== 8 Packaging ===== ===== 8 Packaging =====
 ==== 8.1 Introduction ==== ==== 8.1 Introduction ====
-Packaging are process and materials employed to contain, protect and transport a product. This is also a way to attract new consumer by an original shape, or colours. This is the last step in a product development.+Packaging are process and materials employed to contain, protect and transport a product. This is also a way to attract new consumers by an original shape, or colours. This is the last step in a product development.
  
 There are different types of packaging: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary packaging is the first wrapper; it is in direct contact with the product. The secondary is the sales unit and sometimes it regroups products by bundle. It also has the role of attracting consumers and informing them about the brand, the product itself and benefits for the user. The tertiary packaging is the logistic unit. Sales units are gathered together, in cardboard box called regular slotted container (RSC) if the product itself is small, then put on pallet and wrapped with plastic film. That type of packaging facilitates transport between firm and stores. There are different types of packaging: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary packaging is the first wrapper; it is in direct contact with the product. The secondary is the sales unit and sometimes it regroups products by bundle. It also has the role of attracting consumers and informing them about the brand, the product itself and benefits for the user. The tertiary packaging is the logistic unit. Sales units are gathered together, in cardboard box called regular slotted container (RSC) if the product itself is small, then put on pallet and wrapped with plastic film. That type of packaging facilitates transport between firm and stores.
  
-In the Team's case, the primary package is the case which contains all electrical components. The secondary package is what they will access in the first part of this chapter. Finishing with the tertiary analysis.+In the Team's case, the primary package is the case which contains all electric components. The secondary package is what will be accessed in the first part of this chapter. Finishing with the tertiary analysis.
  
 ==== 8.2 Design research ==== ==== 8.2 Design research ====
  
-Packaging is everywhere and brands use it to get more consumers by creating new shape and design. Nowadays, with the sustainable development, packaging should be recyclable and even biodegradable. Ecology is in every mind so designers must build a package with the less environmental impact as possible. In this way, the Team looked for a reused or recyclable material, keeping the high quality of the concept.+Packaging is everywhere and brands use it to get more consumers by creating new shapes and design. Nowadays, with the sustainable development, packaging should be recyclable and even biodegradable. Ecology is in every mind so designers must build a package with the less environmental impact as possible. In this way, the Team looked for a reused or recyclable material, keeping the high quality of the concept.
  
 === 8.2.1 Material === === 8.2.1 Material ===
-In order to stay in an ecology process, the authors made the choice of creating the packaging in an ecological material. First, the Team thought about cork and wood, but it would be too difficult to manufacture and the device itself is in cork. They finally agreed to develop a packaging in cardboard: easy to eject, cheap and environment friendly.+In order to stay in an ecology process, the authors made the choice of creating the packaging in an ecological material. First, the Team thought about cork and wood, but it would be too difficult to manufacture and the device itself is in cork. They finally agreed to develop a packaging in cardboard: easy to erect, cheap and environment friendly.
  
 There are three types of cardboard: folding, compact and corrugated cardboard. Type depends on thickness and form. Raw material are trees transformed in paper pulp, used to make paperboard with different grammages (paper weight by squared meter).  There are three types of cardboard: folding, compact and corrugated cardboard. Type depends on thickness and form. Raw material are trees transformed in paper pulp, used to make paperboard with different grammages (paper weight by squared meter). 
-  * Corrugated cardboard is made of liner or layer (inner and outer) and flute inside, in brown paper. It exist different name of corrugated cardboard determined by the size of the flute and many combinations of fluting are possible, as is presented in the Figure {{ref>labelpac1}}. With the grammage of paper used, it influence on the cardboard strength. Those varieties of cardboard are used for large or heavy products. There are also employed in logistic, mainly in the regular slotted container, which is a standard box. +  * Corrugated cardboard is made of liner or layer (inner and outer) and flute inside, in brown paper. There are different names of corrugated cardboard determined by the size of the flute and many combinations of fluting are possible, as is presented in the Figure {{ref>labelpac1}}. With the grammage of paper used, it influences on the cardboard strength. Those varieties of cardboard are used for large or heavy products. They are also employed in logistics, mainly in the regular slotted container, which is a standard box. 
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 === 8.2.2 Shape ===  === 8.2.2 Shape === 
-The Team imagined a simple but attractive packaging. They mixed design and protection, with a special place in the centre of the wedging where putting the device. Above, user will find all accessories (bracelet, clip-on, charge station) as the first drafts in Figure {{ref>labelsh1}} show it.+The Team imagined a simple but attractive packaging. They mixed design and protection, with a special place in the centre of the wedging for putting the device. Above, user will find all accessories (bracelet, clip-on, charge station) as the first drafts in Figure {{ref>labelsh1}} show it.
  
 <WRAP centeralign> <WRAP centeralign>
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 The first one is a simple squared box made of a case and a cover. The second, is a wrap with a drawer including all accessories and the device at the top. Then, it is a box with a magnet to close it or a tab, depending on the development process and reflection. The last one is a squared box with an original cover. The first one is a simple squared box made of a case and a cover. The second, is a wrap with a drawer including all accessories and the device at the top. Then, it is a box with a magnet to close it or a tab, depending on the development process and reflection. The last one is a squared box with an original cover.
  
-After those firsts drawing, the Team consider the marketing plan, namely the quality of the device, selling point, and the price of the product to decide on the packaging shape. Indeed, the packaging price does not exceed 10% of the final price. In the marketing part of Helios, the Team estimated around 100-150 € the price of the device. That is why, the maximal cost of the packaging process is 12 €. That seems huge for cardboard, but there are also to consider manufacturing and modelling process, shipment and storage.+After those firsts drawing, the Team considered the marketing plan, namely the quality of the device, selling point, and the price of the product to decide on the packaging shape. Indeed, the packaging price should not exceed 10% of the final price. In the marketing part of Helios, the Team estimated around 100-150 € the price of the device. That is why, the maximal cost of the packaging process is 12 €. That seems huge for cardboard, but there are also to consider manufacturing and modelling process, shipment and storage.
  
-Additionally, in an ecology context, the quantity of cardboard and of glue points must be taken into account. In packaging language, the quantity of cardboard determines the amount of cardboard (blank and waste) required building a box. Thus, the Team studied each solution. The first simple box and the drawer box needed two pieces blank, with on each one four glue points. The third proposition is constituted of one blank which fold on itself, so it need many glue, and two magnets (or a tab). The last box is made of one piece blank, with five points of glue. In this way, the Team retained the latter to develop on the next part of this report.+Additionally, in an ecology context, the quantity of cardboard and of glue points must be taken into account. In packaging language, the quantity of cardboard determines the amount of cardboard (blank and waste) required building a box. Thus, the Team studied each solution. The first simple box and the drawer box needed two blank pieces , with on each one four glue points. The third proposal is constituted of one blank which fold on itself, so it need many glue, and two magnets (or a tab). The last box is made of one piece blank, with five points of glue. In this way, the Team retained the latter to develop on the next part of this report.
  
 === 8.2.3 Blank === === 8.2.3 Blank ===
  
-Once the solution chosen, the Team had to create the blank which needs to perfectly fit with the wedging and the device size. With this aim in mind, the Team worked on a software called Picador to draw the pattern of the box with in real size. A blank is constituted of cut lines, in red, and fold lines in blue. Drawing process include modifications to improve the final quality and design of the packaging, as it is presented below. The first idea, in Figures {{ref>labelfig1}} and {{ref>labelfig2}} was to close the box as the tea or chewing-gum box. But the Team found this enclosure system gave a poor quality image of the device. That is why, the system has been change as it can be seen in the Figure {{ref>labelfig3}}. To protect the device as much as possible, it is necessary to add a wedging inside the box. The blank, presented in Figure {{ref>labelfig4}}, shows two holes for accessories and one place for the device.+Once the solution chosen, the Team had to create the blank which needs to perfectly fit with the wedging and the device size. With this aim in mind, the Team worked on a software called Picador to draw the pattern of the box in real size. A blank is constituted of cut lines, in red, and fold lines in blue. Drawing process includes modifications to improve the final quality and design of the packaging, as it is presented below. The first idea, in Figures {{ref>labelfig1}} and {{ref>labelfig2}} was to close the box as a tea or chewing-gum box. But the Team found this enclosure system gave a poor quality image of the device. That is why, the system has been changed as it can be seen in the Figure {{ref>labelfig3}}. To protect the device as much as possible, it is necessary to add a wedging inside the box. The blank, presented in Figure {{ref>labelfig4}}, shows two holes for accessories and one place for the device.
  
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-One of the functions of this software allows to eject in 3D once the blank is made. This helps the creator to check dimensions and adjust sizes if it is necessary. Also, it can be useful to see the final product, with graphics, as it is presented in the next part.+One of the functions of this software allows to erect in 3D once the blank is made. This helps the creator to check dimensions and adjust sizes if necessary. Also, it can be useful to see the final product, with graphics, as it is presented in the next part.
  
 ==== 8.3 Visual identity ==== ==== 8.3 Visual identity ====
-The visual identity represents all graphics elements allowing to identify a brand or a range of product. Those elements are the name, logo, typography and colour. Sometimes, there is also the shape of the packaging.+The visual identity represents all graphic elements allowing to identify a brand or a product range. Those elements are the name, logo, typography and colour. Sometimes, there is also the shape of the packaging.
  
 === 8.3.1 Name and Logo === === 8.3.1 Name and Logo ===
 As the product deals with the Sun and particularly its radiations, the Team named it "Helios". Helios as the Sun-God, as the device was created to help people to protect themself. As the product deals with the Sun and particularly its radiations, the Team named it "Helios". Helios as the Sun-God, as the device was created to help people to protect themself.
-On Figure {{ref>labellogo1}} some logo research is presented and the Figure {{ref>labellogofinal}} is the final one. Firstly, the Team chose the logo in Figure {{ref>labellogo2}}, the yellow circle representing the Sun, and the blue point on the "i", the Earth which turn around. But, actually, they changed it to something purified. The idea is quite the same, but the "i" is all around the Earth, as a protective barrier against the Sun represented by the point on the i. +On Figure {{ref>labellogo1}} some logo research is presented and the Figure {{ref>labellogofinal}} is the final one. Firstly, the Team chose the logo in Figure {{ref>labellogo2}}, the yellow circle representing the Sun, and the blue point on the "i", the Earth which turns around. But, actually, they changed it to something purified. The idea is quite the same, but the "i" is all around the Earth, as a protective barrier against the Sun represented by the point on the i. 
  
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-Sometimes, the Team uses only the logo in Figure {{ref>labellogo3}}. This is enough to the customer to think about the brand because of the original sign.+Sometimes, on website or printed documents, the Team can only uses the logo in Figure {{ref>labellogo3}}. This is enough for the customer to think about the brand because of the original sign.
  
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 === 8.3.2 Graphics === === 8.3.2 Graphics ===
  
-As soon as the blank was ready, the Team could work on the graphics. Here too, team members decided to stay understated in order to highlight the device. On each side, the main functions of the device are quickly readable. On the back, more information are written about the product and the society. Also the Team made the choice to add a QR code linked to their website page. With that technology, customers can have more information instantly with their smartphone. Under the box, there is the bar code, this is mandatory for every sales unit. This is an European Article Numbering (EAN) code and number are given by Global Standards (GS1). This code is proper to this article, because the first part of the code is the number of the company, the middle part refers to the product and the last number is the security key. Below, on Figure {{ref>labelgraph1}} is the blank with graphics.+As soon as the blank was ready, the Team could work on the graphics. Here too, team members decided to stay understated in order to highlight the device. On each side, the main functions of the device are quickly readable. On the back, more information is written about the product and the society. Also the Team made the choice to add a QR code linked to its website page. With that technology, customers can have more information instantly with their smartphone. Under the box, there is the bar code, which is mandatory for every sales unit. This is an European Article Numbering (EAN) code and number is given by Global Standards (GS1) [(gs1)]. This code is proper to this article, because the first part of the code is the number of the company, the middle part refers to the product and the last number is the security key. Below, on Figure {{ref>labelgraph1}} is the blank with graphics.
  
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-Thanks to Picador, the Team made a 3D representation in order to have a preview of their work, in the Figure {{ref>label3dpack}}.+Thanks to Picador, the Team made a 3D representation in order to have a preview of their work, shown in Figure {{ref>label3dpack}}.
  
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 The last step in the packaging development is to think about the logistic. Logistic is all operations and methods in a society including handling, transport, packaging and sometimes supplies. [(larousse)] Indeed, to purvey store - in the Team’s case pharmacies - societies need to work on a palletization plan in order to optimise the cargo. The last step in the packaging development is to think about the logistic. Logistic is all operations and methods in a society including handling, transport, packaging and sometimes supplies. [(larousse)] Indeed, to purvey store - in the Team’s case pharmacies - societies need to work on a palletization plan in order to optimise the cargo.
-Firstly, in logistic there are some standards, such as the size of trucks, and pallets. Usually, pallets are made of wood but sometimes this is possible to find them in plastics, metal, cardboard or rubber. They are reusable and send back to the firm. In Figure {{ref>labelpallet}} is it shown almost all types of pallets. +Firstly, in logistic there are some standards, such as the size of trucks, and pallets. Usually, pallets are made of wood but sometimes it is possible to find them in plastics, metal, cardboard or rubber. They are reusable and send back to the firm. Figure {{ref>labelpallet}} shows almost all types of pallets.
  
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-With the help of software named PLMPack StackBuilder, the logistic department optimise the organisation of boxes in order to load as much as possible truck. Team Helios decided to gather 20 sales units in one box, as it is shown in Figure {{ref>labelbox}}. This secondary box allows protecting the first packaging during transportation to stores. Then, a palletization plan is made to verify if 20 units by box are wise. As it is possible to see in the Figure {{ref>labelopti}}, the pallet is full with 144 boxes, namely 2 880 devices.+With the help of software, the logistic department optimize the organisation of boxes in order to load trucks as much as possible. Team Helios decided to gather 20 sales units in one box, as it is shown in Figure {{ref>labelbox}}. This secondary box allows protecting the first packaging during transportation to stores. Then, a palletization plan is made to verify if 20 units by box are wise. As it is possible to see in Figure {{ref>labelopti}}, the pallet is full with 144 boxes, namely 2 880 devices.
  
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 ==== 8.5 Conclusion ==== ==== 8.5 Conclusion ====
  
-In this chapter the Team thought, designed and developed the packaging of the device. As this is a product sells in pharmacies, the Team decided to create a neutral and simple packaging. The device is highlighted with pictures and useful information are written on the back.+In this chapter the Team thought, designed and developed the packaging of the device. As this is a product to be sold in pharmacies, the Team decided to create a neutral and simple packaging. The device is highlighted with pictures and useful information is written on the back.
  
 The Team followed its wishes of a more ecological as possible device that is why the box is in cardboard, totally recyclable and easily printable. The Team followed its wishes of a more ecological as possible device that is why the box is in cardboard, totally recyclable and easily printable.
 ===== 9 Conclusions ===== ===== 9 Conclusions =====
 ==== 9.1 Discussion ==== ==== 9.1 Discussion ====
-Team Helios reviewed this semester abroad. First of all, working as a team forced the members to divide tasks and have trust in each other. When people are in their professional life, they do not know with whom they will work. This was the same for these students, as they came from five different countries, have five different mother tongues and backgrounds on education. The team members learned from each other and moreover learned about themselves. Within the EPS, they also discovered a new country with its own culture and traditions. Participating in several events, visits and travelling around was a part of the learning progress and staying open-minded. Finally, team Helios was glad to live this amazing adventure, and work on this project.+Team Helios reviewed this semester abroad. First of all, working as a team forced the members to divide tasks and have trust in each other. When people are in their professional life, they do not know with whom they will work. This was the same for these students, as they came from five different countries, have five different mother tongues and backgrounds on education. The team members learned from each other and, moreover learned about themselves. Within the EPS, they also discovered a new country with its own culture and traditions. Participating in several events, visits and travelling around was a part of the learning progress and staying open-minded. Finally, team Helios was glad to live this amazing adventure, and work on this project.
  
-The Team was able to work together, gather the knowledge required to address the problem, decide on the requirements, design, materials and components, assemble and test a proof of concept prototype as well as produce the set of mandatory deliverables. The Team have now made a UV meter that is showing the UV radiation level by lightning up five different LED lights (one color represents one level) and gives sound from a buzzer when the level is changing, as the Team stated in the objectives. The device can be worn as a bracelet or used as a clip-on. The two things missing is an application, and the on and off function for the button. Lack of time, budget, and knowledge are three of the reasons why an application did not be made. The Bluno Beetle had Bluetooth built in, but it had problems with connecting it to the computer and the applications that are already made. The reason the on and off function is not working, is because you can’t turn of the Bluno Beetle without a power switch. The Team got aware of that problem in the end of the prototype building process, when it was too late to do anything about it. +The Team was able to work together, gather the knowledge required to address the problem, decide on the requirements, design, materials and components, assemble and test a proof of concept prototype as well as produce the set of mandatory deliverables. The Team has now made a UV meter that is showing the UV radiation level by lighting up five different LED lights (one color represents distinct levels) and gives sound from a buzzer when the level is changing, as the Team stated in the objectives. The device can be worn as a bracelet or used as a clip-on. The two things missing is an application, and the on and off function for the button. Lack of time, budget, and knowledge are three of the reasons why an application was not developed. The Bluno Beetle has Bluetooth built in, but it had problems with connecting it to the computer and the applications that were already made. Eventually the Team managed to solve this problem and successfully connected the device with the computer through Bluetooth. The reason the on and off function is not working, is because you can’t turn of the Bluno Beetle without a power switch. The Team got aware of that problem in the end of the prototype building process, when it was too late to do anything about it. 
  
 Finally, each member wrote his personal feeling facing the EPS project: Finally, each member wrote his personal feeling facing the EPS project:
  
-//Marion Cullié//: This semester abroad was a rewarding adventure and I enjoyed each moments. Thanks to this EPS, I worked in an international team with different backgrounds as in a future professional environment. This allowed us to develop our skills and learn new knowledge. Also, live in a foreign country, discovered a new culture and travel around beautiful landscapes gave us so many memories. Finally, I can say that I have grown from this experience, I could improve my English, learn from this project, from the others and about myself. +//Elin Lönnqvist//: Going on exchange is something everybody should try, you will develop yourself and become more secure. I have also learned to work with people from different countries with different cultural personalities. To learn languages is important for me, and it is something that I will use in my future working life. This semester I got the ability to improve my English and learn some Portuguese. The EPS semester was not really what I expected, I thought I were going on a 4.5 months vacation in a warm and sunny country. Well I was wrong… It was more school than I expected, and Portugal was not that warm and sunny as I thought. The project was interesting and I could not ask for lovelier team members. For future EPS I hope there will be a better explanation what kind of skills is needed for every project, before choosing it. A little bit less programming and electronics in the projects would be nice. And hopefully another solution to wikipage is found, now much extra and unnecessary work is made due to that website. Overall I am glad I took the opportunity and went on an Erasmus, but I hope the EPS@ISEP will listen at the feedback and think about them so the next Erasmus can enjoy their semester even more. 
  
-//Simone Smits//: I am thankful for having the opportunity to participate in the EPS at ISEP, it was was an amazing experience to be in Porto learning many new things and meeting new people, while discovering Portugal. Within the EPS I improved my soft skills and broadened my knowledge, but the project was very technical and I could not apply a lot of my study like I hoped to. Also the organisation was not always that great and clear like i am used to. I did had a great team and I am glad we successfully made it until the end together. +//Marion Cullié//: This semester abroad was a rewarding adventure and I enjoyed each moments. Thanks to this EPS, I worked in a really cool international team with different backgrounds as in a future professional environment. This allowed us to develop our skills and learn new knowledge. But there are some bad points which slowed us such as later feedbacks and the use of the wiki page. However, it was incredible to live this foreign country, discover a new culture and travel around beautiful landscapes. Finally, I can say that I have grown from this experience, I improved my English, learned from this project, from the others and about myself. 
  
 +//Mikk Tootsi//: During EPS I learned a lot, especially in the field of electronical engineering. It was my first time writing a code and I`m really glad that finally after many hours working on the code it was working correctly.  Working in a multicultural team was a really good experience.  Our team was working together perfectly!  I liked Portuguese, communication and project management classes.  I’m thankful  for this opportunity and ISEP also I want to thank all the supervisor and teachers who really came and helped us out with our project! 
 +But there was also a lot of negative. I feel that most of the module classes did not taught us anything useful, they were really basic and started to repeat themselves.  We lost a lot of time where we could have just focused on the project. I was hoping that we will finish the project much earlier and can enjoy our last days here in Porto but we are still working on the project even after the final presentation.  I have heard that the EPS in other countries has nothing to do with electronics but here all the projects include building and electronical prototype and writing codes. Don’t get me wrong, I prefer the more applied EPS but the bad thing is that there was only one person in the whole EPS group who had experience with electronics and coding and here we only had two classes on Arduino, which were also really basic and too early in the semester. There should be more classes on electronics and coding also after when the components are received.  I also didn’t like that we only received the feedback on Thursday meetings even if we already saw the supervisor during the week. I would prefer that the teachers/supervisor would have visited us more in the class, that way we would have received the important feedback and help on time and we would have worked more efficiently on our project and made better prototype. 
  
-==== 9.2 Future Development ====  +//Miquel Borrás//: 
 + 
 +//Simone Smits//: I am thankful for having the opportunity to participate in the EPS at ISEP, it was an amazing experience to be in Porto learning many new things and meeting new people, while discovering Portugal and its culture. Within the EPS I improved my soft skills and broadened my knowledge, but the project was very technical and I could not apply a lot of my study like I hoped to. Besides that the organisation was not always that great and clear like I am used to. The use of a wiki page also was not efficient, a lot of wasted time went into turning it in a Word document. But I did had a great team and I am glad we successfully made it until the end together. 
 + 
 + 
 +==== 9.2 Future Developments ====  
 It can be concluded that developing a wearable UV meter is very important, namely to make people aware of the rising risk of getting skin cancer, because the ozone layer is decreasing due to the climate changes. To improve the Helios device the Team made some recommendations for future work: It can be concluded that developing a wearable UV meter is very important, namely to make people aware of the rising risk of getting skin cancer, because the ozone layer is decreasing due to the climate changes. To improve the Helios device the Team made some recommendations for future work:
  
-For the future development the device should be smaller, with a better organisation of the components and a plastic case (PET for example). The bracelet and the clip on should be in TPsiV because of its skin contact. Also a mobile phone application should be made. It should give all the information the user needs, including personal based protection advice. Hereby the idea is that the user can make a picture of their skin and send it to the mobile application which will have a database with many types of skin colors. The mobile application also includes alerts on underexposure and over-exposure to UV radiation, and when the user should reapply sunscreen with a certain level of SPF. +For the future development the device should be smaller, with a better organisation of the components and a plastic case (PET for example). The bracelet and the clip on should be in TPsiV because of its skin contact. Also a mobile phone application should be made. It should give all the information the user needs, including personal based protection advice. Hereby the idea is that the user can make a picture of its skin and send it to the mobile application which will have a database with many types of skin colors. The mobile application also includes alerts on underexposure and over-exposure to UV radiation, and when the user should reapply sunscreen with a certain level of SPF.  
  
-The Bluno Beetle had problems with connecting with Bluetooth to the computer and to apps that are already made. For future developing more research has to be done about the Bluno Beetle Bluetooth module and how does it work. If the Bluetooth on Bluno Beetle has too many flaws then there is an option to use another small controller board with built-in or external Bluetooth module like for example Arduino Mini.  
  
 ===== Bibliography ===== ===== Bibliography =====
  
  

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